INTRODUCTION TO BASIC VIETNAMESE
Vietnamese Alphabet
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A |
A a |
Ă ă |
 â |
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B |
B b |
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C |
C c |
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CH |
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D |
D d (y) /Yee/ |
Đ đ |
Dì |
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E |
E e |
Ê ê |
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F |
- |
Phở |
Fở |
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G |
G g |
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GI, GH |
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H |
Her h |
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I |
I I /ee/ |
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J |
- |
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K |
Ker k |
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KH |
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L |
Ler l |
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M |
Mer m |
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N |
Ner n |
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NH, NG, NGH |
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O |
O o |
Ô ô |
Ơ ơ |
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P |
P p |
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PH |
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Q |
Q q = wer |
Qu |
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QU |
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R |
R r |
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S |
S s /sher/ |
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T |
T t |
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TH, TR |
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U |
U u /oo/ |
Ư ư |
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V |
V v |
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W |
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Qua = wa |
Qu = w |
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X |
X x /ser/ |
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Y |
Y y /ee/ |
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Z |
- |
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Pronunciation
2.1 Syllables
- There is a space between every syllable (each vietnamese word is just one syllable).
- A syllable can be a complete word, but sometimes we need more than two syllables to create a word.
- Tôi - thích - chơi - thể thao (I like sport). Tôi - là - giáo - viên ( I am a teacher)
- We need two syllables including "giáo" and "viên" to make a word "teacher:
- hen another word like "công" is put before "viên", they will create a word with different meaning as "park".
- Giáo viên = teacher / Công viên = park.
- Syllables' structure: TRƯỜNG / CŨNG
Tr / C: Initial consonant
ƯƠ / U: Vowel
NG: Final sound (consonant or vowel)
` / ~: Tone
Vietnamese has 26 initial consonants and 8 final consonants.
2.2 Tones
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Marker |
Example |
Meaning |
Note |
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Level tone |
Ngang (không) dấu |
Ma |
Ghost |
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Rising tone |
Sắc dấu |
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Má |
Mother |
Highest, steepest, rise quickly |
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Falling tone |
Huyền dấu |
\ |
Mà |
Which |
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Falling rising tone |
Hỏi dấu |
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Mả |
Tomb |
Question Mark (?) |
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High rising tone |
Ngã dấu |
~ |
Mã |
Horse |
Fluctuating |
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Low constricted tone |
Nặng dấu |
̣ |
Mạ |
Rice Seedling |
Lowest, steepest, fall quickly |
2.3 Initial Consonants
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b B (er) (B as in bad ) |
Ba |
h H(er) (H as in hat) |
Hoa hay |
l L (L as in life) |
Lên Làm việc |
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c C (K as in kill, Used only before i, e, ê & y) |
Con, cô giáo
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ch Ch (Ch as in chop) |
Cháu Chưa |
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k K (K as in kil) |
Kích Kích hoạt |
kh Kh |
Không: No khi |
V (V as in vet) |
Vi Vui |
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D (yer) (Y as in you) |
Dì Dạy |
đ Đ (Der) (D as in dog ) |
Đi Đá bóng |
gi Gi (zee, zer) (Z as in zoo) = Yer |
Giày |
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g G (G as in go) |
Ga |
gh Gh (G as in go, Used only before i, e, ê and y) |
Ghê
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m M (M as in man) |
Mẹ May |
ph Ph (f or Ph as in phone) |
Phở |
Qu (wer) (W as in world) |
Qua Quá |
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n N (N as in no) |
Nam No |
Nh (Ny as in canyon (Spanish ñ)) |
Nhà |
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Ng (Nger as in singer) |
Ngày
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Ngh (Ng as in singer, Used only before i, e and ê) |
Nghỉ or nghĩ
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X (S as in sun) |
Xuân |
S (sh as in shine) |
Sông |
r R (r as in rice) |
Ra
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T (T&D) |
Tiền |
Th (Th in Think) |
Thiền |
Tr |
Trời |
2.4 Vowels
Vietnamese has twelve vowels; the six tone markers turn those twelve into 72 distinct vowels.
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a |
ă |
â |
e |
ê |
i |
o |
ô |
ơ |
u |
ư |
y |
2.5 Final Consonants
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c |
ch |
m |
n |
ng |
nh |
p |
t |
Syllables which end with “p”, “t”, “c” and “ch” will be able to carry two and only two of the six tones: Rising tone and Low constricted tone.
Personal Pronouns
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First person (I) |
Second Person (You) |
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Tôi, mình |
Bạn |
Speaking to friends, people who are considered as friends. |
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Tớ, tao, tui, ta, |
Cậu (tớ), Mày (tao), ông/bà (tui), |
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Con (I) |
Ba (you, dad), mẹ (mom), ông (granddad), bà (grandma), cô (aunt), chú (uncle)… |
When speaking to older people such as parents, grandparents, etc. or peers (friends) of these mature aged people (especially within the family). |
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Cháu |
Ông, bà, cô, chú, etc. |
When speaking to older people such as grandparents, aunts, etc. or peers (friends) of these mature aged people. NOT used to speak to parents. |
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Em |
Anh (older male), chị (older female). |
When speaking to older people such as older brothers, older sisters, etc. or people at the same age with such people. |
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Ba, mẹ |
Con |
When speaking to children. Also means father, mother. |
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Ông, Bà |
Con, cháu |
When speaking to younger people like grandchildren or peers (friends) of these young people. Also means grandfather, grandmother. |
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Cô, chú |
Con, cháu |
When speaking to younger people such as nephew, niece,etc. or peers (friends) of these mature aged people Also means aunt, uncle. |
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Anh/Chị |
Em |
When speaking to younger people such as younger brothers, younger sisters, etc. or people at the same age with such people. |
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Third Person |
nó |
Non-formal |
Speaking to friends, people who are considered as friends |
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Put “ấy” after pronouns used for first or second person to make ones for third person For example: Bạn ấy, cô ấy, chú ấy, anh ấy, chị ấy… Exception: mother: bà ấy, father: ông ấy, daughter: cô ấy, son: cậu ấy |
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Put “chúng”, “tụi” before some single pronouns to make plural pronouns: chúng tôi, tụi con, etc.
Note: We also use “our first names” for “I” and “you” in many cases.
Examples: Say “Hello” (Xin chào)
Chào em / Chào anh / Chào chị.
Chào bạn/ Chào Luke.
Chào bạn /Chào Xuân Vi
Con chào mẹ. Con chào ba.
Con chào cô, Con chào bà, Con chào chú.
To a person who is from 1 to 8 years younger than you: Chào em
To a person who is from 1 to 8 years older than you (older brothers/sisters): Chào anh/chị
To a person whose age is at your parent’s age: Con chào cô, con chào chú
What are you doing? I’m busy. Could you please do it for me?
You’re talking with friends
Bạn đang làm gì vậy? Mình đang bận tí. Bạn làm giúp mình được không?
You are doing what? I am busy. You help me to do it, can’t you?
Or
Cậu đang làm gì vậy? Tớ đang bận tí. Cậu làm giúp tớ được không?
Cậu are doing what? Tớ am busy. Cậu help tớ to do it, can’t you?
You’re talking with your older brother or talking with your husband
_____ đang làm gì vậy? _____ đang bận tí. _____ làm giúp _____ được không
_____ are doing what? _____ am busy. _____ help _____ to do it, can’t you?
An older sister talking with younger brothers/sisters
Em đang làm gì vậy? Chị đang bận tí. Em làm giúp chị được không?
Em are doing what? Chị am busy. Em help chị to do it, can’t you?
You’re talking with your wife or an older brother talking with younger brothers/sisters or
_____ đang làm gì vậy? _____ đang bận tí. _____ làm giúp _____ được không?
You are doing what? I am busy. You help me to do it, can’t you?
You’re talking with a stranger (unfamiliar): You have to identify the age of a person who you are talking to
You’re talking with a boy who is around 20 years old
_____ đang làm gì vậy? _____ đang bận tí. _____ làm giúp _____ được không?
_____ are doing what? _____ am busy. _____ help _____ to do it, can’t you?
You’re talking with your male neighbour who is around 45 years old
_____ đang làm gì vậy? _____ đang bận tí. _____ làm giúp _____ được không?
_____ are doing what? I am busy. _____ help _____ to do it, can’t you?
You shouldn’t litter here. Otherwise I/We will report it to the police
You’re talking with a stranger with the same age
_____ không nên xả rác ở đây. Không thì _____/_____ sẽ báo cảnh sát
_____ shouldn’t litter here. Otherwise _____/_____ will report to the police
You’re talking with an older female stranger
_____ không nên xả rác ở đây. Không thì _____ /_____sẽ báo cảnh sát
You’re talking with an older male stranger
_____ không nên xả rác ở đây. Không thì _____ /_____sẽ báo cảnh sát
You’re talking with a much older male stranger
_____ không nên xả rác ở đây. Không thì _____ /_____sẽ báo cảnh sát.
Talking with older brother or talking with your husband
Anh đang làm gì vậy? Em đang bận tí. Anh làm giúp em được không
Older brother talking with younger brother/sister or talking with your wife
Em đang làm gì vậy? Anh đang bận tí. Em làm giúp anh được không?
A stranger with the same age
Bạn không nên xả rác ở đây. Không thì TÔI sẽ báo cảnh sát
An older female stranger
Chị không nên xả rác ở đây. Không thì TÔI / CHÚNG TÔI/ Em / Tụi em sẽ báo cảnh sát
An older male stranger
Anh không nên xả rác ở đây. Không thì TÔI / CHÚNG TÔI/ Em / Tụi em sẽ báo cảnh sát
A much older male stranger
Ông không nên xả rác ở đây. Không thì Cháu / Tụi cháu / Con / Tụi con sẽ báo cảnh sát.